Research progress of adipokines and diabetic retinopathy / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the common microangiopathy in diabetes and the main cause of blindness in adults. It can be seen that it is very important to find the specific target of DR prevention and treatment. Adipose tissue is not only an energy storage tissue, but also an active endocrine organ, which can release a variety of cytokines, called adipokines. Studies have shown that adipokines play an important role in the occurrence and development of DR. Adipokines can not only directly act on vascular endothelium through blood circulation, but also indirectly affect vascular endothelial function by affecting the activity of sympathetic nervous system and insulin sensitivity, which leads to dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells, increased retinal vascular permeability, neurodegeneration and neovascularization, and finally leads to the destruction of blood-retinal barrier. In recent years, the role of some new adipokines in DR has been paid more and more attention. This paper reviews the related research of several new adipokines in DR.

Efeito do jejum agudo no período ativo sobre os peptídeos gastrointestinais em mulheres eutróficas e com obesidade / Effect of acute fasting in the active period on gastrointestinal peptides in women eutrophic and with obesity

A prática do jejum tem mostrado resultados benéficos no que diz respeito aos parâmetros metabólicos e perda de peso. Essa prática tem sido frequentemente realizada ao longo do dia, durante as atividades de vida diária dos indivíduos. Dentre os efeitos do jejum sobre o metabolismo intermediário, destaca-se seu potencial em modular a secreção de peptídeos gastrointestinais relacionados ao controle da fome e regulação metabólica. Por outro lado, é desconhecido os efeitos do jejum agudo durante as atividades de vida diária, diferentemente do realizado durante a noite, e ainda se indivíduos eutróficos e com obesidade respondem da mesma forma. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito do jejum agudo realizado durante o período ativo sobre os peptídeos gastrointestinais em mulheres eutróficas e com obesidade. Métodos: Trata-se de ensaio clínico não randomizado, estratificado por estado nutricional em dois grupos de acordo com o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC): (i) grupo eutrófico (IMC > 18,5 kg/m² e < 24,9 kg/m²) e (ii) grupo obesidade (IMC > 35 kg/m²). A amostra foi composta por mulheres adultas, com idade entre 18 a 60 anos. A avaliação inicial foi realizada no período da manhã, após 10h de jejum noturno, em que as seguintes medidas foram aferidas e os dados pessoais foram coletados: antropometria, calorimetria indireta e composição corporal. As participantes foram submetidas à coleta de 5 mL de sangue, para análise dos peptídeos gastrointestinais (GIP, GLP-1, PP, PYY e grelina), adiponectina, insulina (glicose e índices HOMA). Em seguida, foi ofertado desjejum padronizado com valor calórico correspondente a 20% da necessidade energética estimada calculada após a coleta dos dados iniciais. Após, as voluntárias foram dispensadas para realização das atividades diárias habituais e foi orientado a manutenção do jejum por 10h ao longo do dia. As voluntárias retornaram ao final do dia para repetição dos procedimentos realizados na primeira avaliação e coleta de sangue. As análises estatísticas foram efetuadas com o auxílio dos programas Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows Student Version® (SPSS) versão 20.0 e os gráficos foram criados por meio do programa GraphPad Prism versão 8.0.1, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: 54 mulheres foram incluídas no estudo, sendo 29 no grupo eutrófico e 25 no grupo com obesidade. O jejum no período ativo promoveu redução nas concentrações de insulina e adiponectina e nos índices HOMA-IR e HOMA-BETA, além de aumento no polipeptídeo pancreático (PP) circulante, tanto nas mulheres eutróficas como nas mulheres com obesidade. Somente o grupo com obesidade teve redução na leptina e aumento no peptídeo-1 semelhante ao glucagon (GLP-1) após o jejum diurno. Entre os grupos, eutrofia versus obesidade, as concentrações de leptina e insulina foram maiores no grupo obesidade após o jejum no período ativo. Já os peptídeos GIP, grelina e peptídeo YY (PYY) não tiveram mudanças após o jejum no período ativo quando comparados ao jejum noturno. Conclusão: O jejum durante as atividades diárias diminui os hormônios anorexígenos insulina e leptina. No entanto, também aumenta o PP e o GLP-1, especialmente em mulheres com obesidade. O jejum durante as atividades diárias pode reorganizar uma intrincada rede de sinais endócrinos que de alguma forma podem modular o comportamento alimentar homeostático e hedônico.

Fasting practice has shown beneficial results concerning metabolic parameters and weight loss. This practice is often performed throughout the day during individuals daily life activities. Among the effects of fasting on intermediary metabolism, its potential to modulate the secretion of gastrointestinal peptides related to hunger control and metabolic regulation stands out. On the other hand, the effects of acute fasting during daily activities, unlike fasting during the night, and whether eutrophic and individuals with obesity respond in the same way are unknown. Objective: To investigate the effect of acute fasting during the active period on gastrointestinal peptides in eutrophic women and with obesity. Methods: This was a non-randomized clinical trial, stratified by nutritional status into two groups according to Body Mass Index (BMI): (i) eutrophic group (BMI > 18.5 kg/m² and < 24.9 kg/m²) and (ii) group with obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m²). The sample consisted of adult women aged 18 to 60 years. The initial evaluation was conducted in the morning after a 10-hour overnight fasting, during which the following measurements were taken, and personal data were collected: anthropometry, indirect calorimetry, and body composition. Participants had 5 mL of blood collected for the analysis of gastrointestinal peptides (GIP, GLP-1, PP, PYY, and ghrelin), adiponectin, insulin (glucose and HOMA indices). Then, a standardized breakfast with a caloric value corresponding to 20% of the estimated energy needs calculated after the initial data collection was provided. Afterward, the participants were released to perform their usual daily activities and were instructed to maintain fasting for 10 hours throughout the day. Participants returned at the end of the day for the repetition of the procedures performed in the initial assessment and blood collection. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows Student Version® (SPSS) version 20.0, and the graphs were created using the GraphPad Prism version 8.0.1 program, adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: 54 women were included in the study, with 29 in the eutrophic group and 25 in the group with obesity. Fasting during the active period led to a reduction in insulin and adiponectin concentrations and in HOMA-IR and HOMA-BETA indices, as well as an increase in circulating pancreatic polypeptide (PP), both in eutrophic women and with obesity. Only the group with obesity experienced a reduction in leptin and an increase in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) after daytime fasting. Between the eutrophic group and with obesity, leptin and insulin concentrations were higher in the group with obesity after fasting during the active period. GIP, ghrelin, and peptide YY (PYY) did not show changes after fasting during the active period when compared to overnight fasting. Conclusion: Fasting during daily activities reduces anorexigenic hormones insulin and leptin. However, it also increases PP and GLP-1, especially in women with obesity. Fasting during daily activities may reorganize a complex network of endocrine signals that can somehow modulate homeostatic and hedonic eating behavior.

Progress on the roles of adipokines in sepsis organ injury / 中国小儿急救医学

Sepsis is a serious life-threatening organ dysfunction disease caused by the body′s response to infection, which is the main cause of death in patients admitted to ICU.The occurrence, development and prognosis of sepsis are closely related to metabolism and regulation of inflammatory response.Adipose tissue not only participates in energy storage and metabolism, but also, as an important endocrine organ, secretes a variety of adipokines with pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory activities, and thus participates in the occurrence and development of sepsis.There are many kinds of adipokines, and different adipokines play different roles in sepsis and sepsis-related organ damage.Some adipokines such as adiponectin, adipokine complement Clq/tumor necrosis factor-associated protein 3, vaspin, irisin and Apelin are closely related with the pathogenesis and prognosis of organ injury in sepsis.

Effect of Compatibility of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex Couplet Medicines on Glucolipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetic Rats Before and After Salt-processing / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of compatibility of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex couplet medicines on glucolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats before and after salt-processing. Method:The type 2 diabetic rat model was induced by high-fat and high-glucose diet combined with low dose streptozotocin （STZ）， the model rats were randomly divided into six groups， including the model group， metformin group （200 mg·kg^-1）， and different compatibility groups of raw and salt-processed of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex （6.48 g·kg^-1）. In addition， The same week old rats fed with normal diet were set as the blank group. After 30 d of continuous intragastric administration， changes of fasting blood glucose （FBG）， fasting serum insulin （FINS）， glycosylated serum protein （GSP）， hepatic glycogen， blood lipid ［total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）］， nonesterified fatty acid （NEFA）， adipocytokines ［adiponectin （ADP） and leptin）］， kidney function ［blood urea nitrogen （BUN） and creatinine （CRE）］ and other indicators of rats from different groups were detected， and the insulin sensitivity index （ISI） and insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） were calculated， hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the morphological changes of pancreas， liver and kidney of rats from different groups. Result:Compared with the model group， compatibility of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma-Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex couplet medicines before and after salt-processing all could decrease the levels of FBG， GSP， TC， TG， LDL-C， NEFA， leptin， BUN， CRE and HOMA-IR， and increase the contents of FINS， HDL-C， ADP， hepatic glycogen and ISI， among which the compatibility of salt-processed Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and salt-processed Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex had the most significant effect on regulating glucolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats. The compatibility of all couplet medicines could improve the histopathological changes of pancreas， liver and kidney in type 2 diabetic rats， among which the compatibility of salt-processed Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and salt-processed Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex had the most prominent effect on repairing pathological damage. Conclusion:The compatibility of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex before and after salt-processing can improve glucolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats， while the comprehensive effect of salt-processed Anemarrhenae Rhizoma and salt-processed Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex<italic> </italic>on lowering glucose and regulating lipid is the best.

Clinical Efficacy of Modified Huanglian Wendantang in Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Phlegm (Dampness)-Heat Syndrome / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the efficacy of modified Huanglian Wendantang in treating newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） with phlegm （dampness）-heat syndrome， in order to study the effect on islet β cell function and adipocytokines. Method:A total of 130 patients were randomly divided into two groups by random number table （65 cases in each group）. The 60 patients in control group completed the treatment （4 patients fell off or lost visit， 2 were eliminated because of breach of plan）， and the 61 patients in observation group completed the treatment （3 patients fell off， 1 were eliminated）. And 20 healthy volunteers were taken as normal control group. Both groups′ patients got lifestyle interventions and metformin hydrochloride tablets （1 tablet/time， 1 time/day during the meal）. In addition， patients in control group got Huazhuo Qingshen Keli in the morning and at night， 5 g/time， 2 times/day， and patients in observation group got modified Huanglian Wendantang， 1 dose/day. And the treatment was lasted for 3 months. Before and after treatment， levels of fasting blood glucose （FBG）， postprandial 2 blood glucose （PBG）， HbA1c and fasting insulin （FINS）， insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR）， insulin sensitivity index （InISI）， islet β cell function index （HOMA-β）， early insulin secretion index （I30/△G30） and late insulin secretion index （AUCI30~I120/G30~G120）， total cholesterol （TC） and triglycerides （TG）， high-density lipoprotein （HDL-C）， low-density lipoprotein （LDL-C）， adiponectin， TNF -α （TNF-α）， resistin and leptin were detected. And syndrome of phlegm （dampness） combined with heat were scored， and the safety was discussed. Result:The total effective rate in observation group was 91.80% （56/61）， which was higher than 78.33% （47/60） in control group （χ2=4.333， P<0.05）. And the score of phlegm （dampness）-heat syndrome was lower than that in control group （P<0.01）， levels of FBG， PBG， HbA1c， HOMA-IR， AUCI30~I120/G30~G120， TC， TG， LDL-C， TNF-α， leptin and resistin were lower than those in control group （P<0.01）， while levels of I30/△G30， HOMA-β， InISI， HDL-C and adiponectin were higher than those in control group （P<0.01）. There was no adverse reaction related to modified Huanglian Wendantang. Conclusion:In addition to treatment with metformin， modified Huanglian Wendantang can effectively control blood glucose and lipid， regulate adipocyte factor， improve early and late phase insulin secretion， improve the function of β cell and insulin sensitivity of islet， improve IR， with a better comprehensive efficacy and a safety in clinical use.

Markers of inflammation and insulin resistance in dogs before and after weight loss versus lean healthy dogs / Marcadores de inflamação e resistência à insulina em cães antes e depois da perda de peso versus cães saudáveis e magros

Chronic low-grade inflammation in obesity is characterized by an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to insulin resistance. For this study body composition, markers of inflammation and of insulin resistance in dogs before and after weight loss were compared to those of lean dogs. Eleven client-owned obese adult dogs underwent a weight loss program with commercial dry food for weight loss and reached an ideal body condition score (BCS) six months after the beginning of the weight loss program. A Control Group of nine dogs with ideal BCS were selected for the comparison. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test for normality, Mann Whitney were used for non-normally distributes data, and Student t-test was used for normally distributed parameters. In the Obese Group body fat decreased from 41.6% (30.7-58.6) to 29.1% (18.6-46.3) (P<0.01) and dogs maintained lean body mass throughout the weight loss program (P>0.05). Obese dogs presented higher concentration of fructosamine, triglycerides, insulin, IGF-1 and leptin than the Control Group before weight reduction (P<0.05). Serum concentrations of triglycerides, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, insulin, leptin and IGF-1 decreased after weight loss (P<0.01), and these concentrations were similar to the Control Group (P>0.05), except for leptin (P<0.001). No alteration on peptide YY was found. Leptin (r=0.60, P=0.01), fructosamine (r=0.44, P=0.02) and triglycerides (r=0.40, P=0.04) concentrations correlated with the reduction of body fat. Weight loss reduced the concentrations of inflammatory and insulin resistance markers and most parameters became similar to dogs that have always been lean, reinforcing the importance of weight loss in small animal practice.(AU)

A inflamação crônica de baixo grau na obesidade é caracterizada pela produção aumentada de citocinas pró-inflamatórias que contribuem para a resistência à insulina. Para este estudo a composição corporal e os marcadores de inflamação e de resistência à insulina em cães antes e após a perda de peso foram comparados aos de cães magros. Onze cães adultos obesos pertencentes a tutores foram incluídos em um programa de perda de peso com ração comercial hipocalórica e alcançaram escore de condição corporal (ECC) ideal seis meses após o início do regime. Um Grupo Controle de nove cães com ECC ideal foi selecionado para a comparação. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para testar a normalidade, Mann Whitney foi usado para análise dos dados que não atenderam distribuição normal e o teste t de Student foi usado para parâmetros que atenderam a normalidade. No Grupo Obesidade, a gordura corporal diminuiu de 41,6% (30,7-58,6) para 29,1% (18,6-46,3) (P<0,01) e os cães mantiveram massa magra ao longo do programa de perda de peso (P>0,05). Cães obesos apresentaram maior concentração de frutosamina, triglicérides, insulina, IGF-1 e leptina do que o Grupo Controle antes da redução de peso (P<0,05). As concentrações séricas de triglicerídeos, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, insulina, leptina e IGF-1 diminuíram após a perda de peso (P<0,01) e, essas concentrações foram semelhantes ao Grupo Controle (P>0,05), com exceção da leptina (P<0,001). Nenhuma alteração no peptídeo YY foi encontrada. As concentrações de leptina (r=0,60; P=0,01), frutosamina (r=0,44; P=0,02) e triglicerídeos (r=0,40; P=0,04) correlacionaram-se com a redução da gordura corporal. A perda de peso reduziu as concentrações de marcadores inflamatórios e de resistência à insulina e a maioria dos parâmetros tornaram-se semelhante aos dos cães que sempre foram magros, reforçando a importância da perda de peso na prática clínica de pequenos animais.(AU)

Comparison of plasma adipocytokines & C-reactive protein levels in healthy schoolgoing adolescents from private & government-funded schools of Delhi, India

Background & objectives: Obesity-mediated chronic inflammatory state is primarily governed by lifestyle and food habits in adolescents and marked by alterations in the level of various inflammatory markers. This cross-sectional study was aimed to compare the inflammatory status of healthy Indian adolescents vis-�-vis their obesity profile. The inflammatory state of urban adolescents attending private and government-funded schools, and the relationship between inflammatory marker levels and anthropometric indices in the study participants from both groups were examined. Methods: A total of 4438 study participants (10-17 yr) were chosen from various schools of Delhi, India, and their anthropometric parameters were measured. Plasma adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) of the study participants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were assayed by a biochemical analyzer. Metabolic syndrome-related risk factors such as waist circumference, hip circumference (HC), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides of normal-weight adolescents were also evaluated. Results: The level of leptin and CRP increased with increasing adiposity, whereas adiponectin levels were found to be negatively related to obesity. All plasma cytokine levels (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) were significantly elevated in female than male adolescents. Age-based classification revealed a distinct trend of variability in the levels of all the inflammatory markers among adolescents of varying age groups. Significant differences were observed between private and government schoolgoing adolescents in terms of anthropometric and inflammatory parameters, with higher adiposity indices in the former group. The relationship of plasma adipokine and CRP levels with various adiposity indices was found to be distinctly different between private and government schoolgoing students. Interpretation & conclusions: Inflammatory markers were significantly elevated in overweight/obese adolescents. The socio-economic condition of urban Indian schoolgoing adolescents reflecting lifestyle transition has profound effects on their adiposity indices and inflammatory states. Longitudinal studies in different regions of the country need to be done to further confirm the findings.

The relationship between chronic inflammation associated with obesity and vitamin D deficiency / Relación entre inflamación crónica asociada a obesidad y déficit de vitamina D

Obesity is characterized by an abnormal production of adipocytokines, generating chronic inflammation associated in turn with endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. On the other hand, it is a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency, thus establishing an inverse relationship between the plasma levels of this nutrient and acute phase proteins with low vitamin D levels, being able to boost the inflammatory response in obesity. In this context, the correction of poor vitamin D status could be an effective addition to the treatment of obesity; however, evidence of future trials that can support the regulatory effects of supplementation is required. The objective of this review is to analyze the existing evidence and establish the relationship between plasma levels of vitamin D and chronic inflammation associated with obesity. The methodology consists of a sensitive search in the PubMed and Trip Database, limiting the search to articles in English and Spanish published through January 2019. Priority was given to clinical trials, original articles and systematic reviews, from which other relevant research was identified.

La obesidad se caracteriza por la producción anormal de adipocitocinas, generando inflamación crónica asociada a su vez a disfunción endotelial, aterosclerosis y resistencia a insulina. Por otra parte, es un factor de riesgo de déficit de vitamina D, estableciéndose una relación inversa entre los niveles plasmáticos de dicho nutriente y proteínas de fase aguda, pudiendo potenciar la respuesta inflamatoria en obesidad. En este contexto la corrección del mal estado de vitamina D podría ser una adición efectiva al tratamiento de la obesidad, sin embargo se requiere evidencia de futuros ensayos que se puedan respaldar los efectos reguladores de la suplementación. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la evidencia existente y establecer la relación entre los niveles plasmáticos de vitamina D y la inflamación crónica asociada con la obesidad. La metodología consiste en una búsqueda sensible en las bases de datos PubMed y Trip Database, limitándose la búsqueda a artículos en inglés y español hasta enero 2019. Se priorizó por ensayos clínicos, artículos originales y revisiones sistemáticas, a partir de los cuales se identificaron otras investigaciones relevantes.

Concomitant administration of atorvastatin with N-acetylcysteine mitigates liver injury and steatosis in experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Although numerous efforts have been directed toward searching for new treatments against non-alcoholic fatty liverdisease (NAFLD), there are no approved pharmacologic agents up to date. This study evaluates the therapeutic effectof concomitant administration of atorvastatin (ATO) and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) with/without diet control. Ninegroups of rats were divided into: normal, rats fed on high-fat diet for 12 weeks (NAFLD-HFD model), HFD-ratsswitched to regular diet (NAFLD-RD model), NAFLD-HFD or -RD rats treated with either ATO or NAC orally with30 or 500 mg/kg/day, respectively, or both for 8 weeks. NAFLD-HFD rats exhibited remarkable steatosis with lobularinflammation, hepatocytes vacuolation, and fibrosis, as well as significant changes in lipid profile, oxidative stress,and adipocytokines and these manifestations were less prominent in the HFD-RD group. ATO and NAC combinationwith diet control has the added benefits on ameliorating lipid levels, liver enzymes, oxidative stress, hepatic steatosis(9.01% ± 1.66% vs. 13.21% ± 2.20% for ATO and 25.60% ± 2.11% for NAC), inflammation, hepatocyte vacuolation,and fibrosis versus each drug separately. Conclusion: ATO and NAC concomitant therapy has a greater effect onNAFLD as compared to monotherapy and is recommended for further investigation in clinical trials.

The role of chronic restrain stress induced Nox-4 expression and its significances in adipose inflammation / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To investigate stress induced Nox-4 expression and to explore its role in adipose inflammation. Methods Twenty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into two groups ( n=10 each) , chronic restraint stress group and control group. Stress mice were restrained in self-made restraint device for 2 hours per day for 14 days. HE staining, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and ELISA were used to analyze the expression of Nox-4, CD11b, antioxidant protein ( Mn SOD, GSH-Px, Catalase), adipocytokines ( adiponectin, MCP-1, IL-6, TNF-a). Results White adipose tissue (WAT) of stress mice inguinal fat pad significantly shrank compared to control group. HE staining showed that there were a large number of mononuclear cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and cell infiltration reactions and inflammatory changes in WAT of stress mice. The stress significantly increased CD11b-positive cells and the expression of mF4/80, CD68. The concentration of serum FFA in stress group increased significantly, nearly twice of the control group ( P<0.01) . Nox-4 positive staining cells in stress WAT were deeper and more abundant. The level of Nox-4 in stress WAT was significantly higher than that of control group(P<0.01). The levels of antioxidant proteins such as Mn-SOD, GSH-Px, and catalase in stress WAT were significantly lower than those of control group (P<0.01). The expression levels of adiponectin in stress WAT were significantly reduced as compared to control group ( P<0.01) . The levels of MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in stress WAT were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.01). Conclusion Stress may lead to imbalance of adipose oxidation/antioxidant system and abnormal expression of adipocytokines, which may result in adipose inflammation.

Research progress of C1q/TNF-related protein 9 and metabolic diseases / 中国糖尿病杂志

C1q/TNF-related protein 9 (CTRP9) ,a core member of the C1q family ,is mainly expressed in adipose tissue .In recent years ,many studies have indicated that the aberrant expression of CTRP9 is closely related with type 2 diabetes mellitus ,obesity ,metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis . This review summarizes the research progress of the secretion and action pathway of CTRP 9 and their relationship with metabolic diseases .

Imunolocalização de receptores de leptina no ovário de preás (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) / Immunolocalization of leptin receptor of Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) ovary

A leptina, uma citocina produzida pelas células adiposas, é alvo da comunidade científica por acreditarem que ela apresente impacto sobre a reprodução dos animais promovendo a puberdade, foliculogênese e oogênese, ciclo estral e auxiliando na fecundação. A compreensão dos mecanismos que controlam a atividade reprodutiva de preás (Galea spixii) possui papel relevante para a preservação da espécie. Desta forma, o presente trabalho propôs analisar a imunolocalização dos receptores de leptina (Ob-R) no ovário de preás. Coletaram-se os ovários de 20 fêmeas adultas, não prenhes e saudáveis. As amostras foram fixadas em paraformaldeído a 4% em tampão fosfato, incluídas em parafina e seccionadas para a realização de imunohistoquímica (IHC). As secções foram fotomicrografadas e avaliadas quanto à intensidade da reação. Observou-se forte imunorreação no oócito e nas células da teca, moderada nas células do estroma ovariano e nas células luteínicas grandes e fracamente coradas nas células da granulosa, endoteliais, perivasculares e células luteínicas pequenas. Quando comparado a expressão de receptores ao longo do desenvolvimento folicular foi observado que o oócito e as células da teca se mantiveram com expressão na mesma intensidade. Entretanto, as células da granulosa apresentaram forte marcação nos estádios pré-antrais enquanto que nos folículos antrais apresentou fraca intensidade. Concluímos que em ovários de Galea spixii existe a presença de Ob-R nas principais estruturas do ovário sugerindo que este hormônio desempenhe papel fundamental na reprodução desta espécie.

Leptin, a cytokine produced by adipose cells, is the target of the scientific community for believing that it has an impact on the reproduction of the animals promoting puberty, folliculogenesis and oogenesis, estrous cycle and aiding in fertilization. The understanding of the mechanisms controlling the reproductive activity of Spix's Yellow-toothed Cavy (Galea spixii) plays a relevant role in the preservation of the species. Thus, the present study proposed to analyze the immunolocalization of leptin receptors (Ob-R) in the ovary of cavies. Ovaries from 20 adult, non-pregnant, healthy females were collected. The samples were fixed in 4% phosphate buffered paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sectioned for immunohistochemistry. The sections were photomicrographs and intensity of the reaction was measured. Strong immunoreaction was observed in oocyte and theca cells, moderate in ovarian stromal cells and large luteal cells and weak stained in granulosa, endothelial, perivascular and small luteal cells. When compared to receptor expression along follicular development it was observed that the oocyte and the theca cells remained with expression at the same intensity. However, the granulosa cells presented strong stained in the preantral stages, whereas in the antral follicles it presented low intensity. We conclude that in the ovaries of Galea spixii there is the presence of Ob-R in the main structures of the ovary sugesting that this hormone plays a fundamental role in the reproduction of this species.

Aceites esenciales, obesidad y diabetes tipo 2 / Essential oils, obesity and type 2 diabetes

RESUMEN El incremento de la obesidad en la sociedad se ha hecho evidente en los últimos años. Estadísticas recientes de entidades oficiales la ubican dentro de las enfermedades más prevalentes en el mundo. La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica proinflamatoria, que cursa con un desbalance en la actividad endocrina del tejido adiposo generando un cambio en el patrón de producción de determinadas adipocitoquinas relacionadas con el incremento en la resistencia a la acción de la insulina y el consecuente aumento de la glucemia, característicos de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. El tratamiento de estos desórdenes está orientado a disminuir la glucemia y reducir el peso del individuo que los padece. Los medicamentos utilizados para tratar ambas enfermedades comúnmente tienen efectos secundarios indeseables, lo que ha hecho que los farmacólogos estén en constante búsqueda de nuevos medicamentos. El objetivo de esta publicación es hacer una revisión del estado del arte en las dos enfermedades, tomando como punto de partida el hecho de que las dos tienen en común la inflamación sistémica leve y alteración del sistema inmune que desemboca en resistencia a la acción de la insulina y, además, señalar la actividad de algunos aceites esenciales estudiados hasta el momento en ratas y ratones como posibles alternativas terapéuticas en el control de la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Summary The increase of obesity in our society has become evident nowadays. Recent statistics from official entities place it within the most prevalent diseases in the world. Obesity is a chronic pro-inflammatory disease that causes an imbalance in endocrine activity of adipose tissue, changing the production pattern of certain adipocytokines related to insulin resistance, consequently there is an increase of glycemia characteristic in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The treatment for these disorders is aimed to lower blood sugar levels and reduce the weight of those who suffer it. The medicines used to treat both diseases usually have undesirable side effects, which have made pharmacologists be in constant search for new drugs. The aim of this publication is to review the state of the art on these two diseases, starting from the fact that both have in common mild systemic inflammation and immunological alterations that lead to resistance to insulin action, and additionally to describe the activity of some essential oils studied so far in rats and mice as possible therapeutic alternatives in controlling obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Predictors of the progression of metabolic disorders and insulin resistance in patients with arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2 / Predictores de la progresión de los trastornos metabólicos y la resistencia a la insulina en pacientes con hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Abstract: The mechanisms of the metabolic disorders progression were analyzed in patients with concomitant course of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2, of which the most significant are the insulin resistance state, disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, development of atherogenic dyslipidemia and systemic inflammation in correlation with the imbalance of adipocytokines, which contributes to high cardiovascular risk.

Resumen: Se analizaron los mecanismos de progresión de los trastornos metabólicos en pacientes con hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo 2, de los cuales los más significativos son el estado de resistencia a la insulina, los trastornos del metabolismo de los carbohidratos, el desarrollo de dislipidemia aterogénica y la inflamación sistémica en correlación con el desequilibrio de las adipocitoquinas, lo que contribuye al alto riesgo cardiovascular.

Inflammation and immune stress of obese asthmatic rats by adipocytokines / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To study the Inflammation and immune stress of obese asthmatic rats by adipocytokines.Methods Fourty C57BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into control group, obese group, asthma group and obese asthma group.Mice in the control group were fed normal diet and PBS, high-fat diet(75% normal diet, 10% egg yolk powder, lard 10%, 5% sugar)and PBS in obese group, normal diet and OVA(PBS)in asthma group and fat diet and OVA(PBS)in obese asthma group.Detect the leptin, adiponectin, resistin, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-17 content with ELISA in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF).Using Pearson correlation to analyze and evaluate these factors' correlation in plasma and BALF.Results The difference of leptin, adiponectin, resistin in plasma and BALF(excepted leptin)between four groups were statistically significant (P<0.05), the leptin levels between plasma and BALF has a positive correlation(R2=0.8215, P<0.05)in obese mice, there was no correlation between plasma and BALF for the adiponectin, resistin.The adiponectin content and IFN-γ levels were also negatively correlated(R2=0.9146, P<0.05)in BALF, while there was no correlation between IL-4,IL-17 and leptin, adiponectin, resistin.Conclusion Adipocytokines has a regulatory function of the immune response in obese asthmatic rats, and participate the inflammatory reaction.

The role of adipose tissue in the progress of acute pancreatitis / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Obesity is an independent risk factor for acute pancreatitis (AP),and the morbidity risk and severity of AP in obese patients were significantly increased than those in non-obese patients.However,the exact mechanism has not been fully elucidated.In recent years,the researches on the role of adipose tissue (AT) in AP have gradually attracted wide attention of scholars both at home and abroad.To better understand the pathogenesis and new therapeutic targets of AP,in this paper,we overviewed the recent research progress on the role of AT in AP.

Serum adipocytokine profile and metabolic syndrome in young adult female dermatomyositis patients

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the frequency of metabolic syndrome in young adult female dermatomyositis patients and its possible association with clinical and laboratory dermatomyositis-related features and serum adipocytokines. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 35 dermatomyositis patients and 48 healthy controls. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement. RESULTS: Patient age was comparable in the dermatomyositis and control groups, and the median disease duration was 1.0 year. An increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome was detected in the dermatomyositis group (34.3% vs. 6.3%; p=0.001). In addition, increased serum adiponectin and resistin levels were noted in contrast to lower leptin levels. In dermatomyositis patients, adipocytokine levels were correlated with the levels of total cholesterol, low-density cholesterol, triglycerides and muscle enzymes. A comparison of dermatomyositis patients with (n=12) and without (n=23) syndrome metabolic revealed that adipocytokine levels were also correlated with age, and that dermatomyositis patients with metabolic syndrome tended to have more disease activity despite similar adipocytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in young adult female dermatomyositis patients and is related to age and disease activity. Moreover, increased serum adiponectin and resistin levels were detected in dermatomyositis patients, but lower serum leptin levels were observed.

Research progress of the relation between factors related to obesity and tumor / 肿瘤研究与临床

With the lifestyle change of the public,the number of fatty is increased continuously.Many studies have shown that obesity,one of the threatening factors of human health,is closely associated with the occurrence and development of tumor.A large number of clinical studies evidences have demonstrated that tumor cell proliferation and metastasis are performed and promoted by adipocytokines,inflammatory processes and insulin resistance from obesity.Adipocytokines is the crucial active substance secreted by adipose tissue,which is involved in the occurrence and development of tumor.Besides,the resistin and leptin are two important adipocytokines.Therefore,the further study on factors associated with obesity will have great significances for the diagnosis and prognosis of tumor.

Changes of adipocytokine expression after diabetic rats received sitagliptin and the molecular mechanism

OBJECTIVE@#To study the effect of sitagliptin on adipocytokines expression in diabetic rats and its molecular mechanism.@*METHODS@#Male SD rats were chosen and randomly divided into NC group, T2DM group, SP group and SP + LY group. NC group received conventional breeding, T2DM group, SP group and SP + LY group received intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin after 12 weeks of high-fat diet to establish diabetes animal model, SP group received sitagliptin intervention and SP + LY group received sitagliptin combined with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 intervention. Six weeks after the intervention, serum was collected to determine the levels of biochemical indexes and adipocytokines, and visceral adipose tissue was collected to determine expression levels of adipocytokines.@*RESULTS@#Serum TC, TG, LDL-C, FBG, FINS, Leptin and Chemerin levels as well as HOMA-IR of T2DM group were higher than those of NC group, and HDL-C, Adiponectin and Omentin-1 levels were significantly lower than those of NC group; serum TC, TG, LDL-C, FBG, FINS, Leptin and Chemerin levels as well as HOMA-IR of SP group were lower than those of T2DM group, and HDL-C, Adiponectin and Omentin-1 levels were significantly higher than those of T2DM group; Leptin and Chemerin levels in serum and visceral adipose tissue of SP + LY group were higher than those of SP group while Adiponectin and Omentin-1 levels were significantly lower than those of SP group.@*CONCLUSION@#Sitagliptin can regulate the expression of adipocytokines in adipose tissue of diabetic rats through PI3K-AKT pathway.

Changes of adipocytokine expression after diabetic rats received sitagliptin and the molecular mechanism

Objective To study the effect of sitagliptin on adipocytokines expression in diabetic rats and its molecular mechanism. Methods Male SD rats were chosen and randomly divided into NC group, T2DM group, SP group and SP + LY group. NC group received conventional breeding, T2DM group, SP group and SP + LY group received intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin after 12 weeks of high-fat diet to establish diabetes animal model, SP group received sitagliptin intervention and SP + LY group received sitagliptin combined with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 intervention. Six weeks after the intervention, serum was collected to determine the levels of biochemical indexes and adipocytokines, and visceral adipose tissue was collected to determine expression levels of adipocytokines. Results Serum TC, TG, LDL-C, FBG, FINS, Leptin and Chemerin levels as well as HOMA-IR of T2DM group were higher than those of NC group, and HDL-C, Adiponectin and Omentin-1 levels were significantly lower than those of NC group; serum TC, TG, LDL-C, FBG, FINS, Leptin and Chemerin levels as well as HOMA-IR of SP group were lower than those of T2DM group, and HDL-C, Adiponectin and Omentin-1 levels were significantly higher than those of T2DM group; Leptin and Chemerin levels in serum and visceral adipose tissue of SP + LY group were higher than those of SP group while Adiponectin and Omentin-1 levels were significantly lower than those of SP group. Conclusion Sitagliptin can regulate the expression of adipocytokines in adipose tissue of diabetic rats through PI3K-AKT pathway.